In 1533, Catherine de' Medici married Henry, Duke of Orleans, who later became King Henry II of France. As queen consort, Catherine navigated the complex political landscape of the Valois court. After Henry's death in 1559, she became regent for her young sons, who successively became kings of France. Her regency was marked by religious conflicts, including the Wars of Religion between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). Despite her attempts to maintain peace, tensions escalated into full-scale warfare, culminating in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, which saw thousands of Protestant leaders killed. Catherine was also a patron of the arts, contributing to the French Renaissance through projects like the Tuileries Palace and various artistic commissions.
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